Micronutrient Dynamics and Oxidative Homeostasis in Cardiovascular Function

Micronutrients, particularly vitamins, are indispensable modulators of biochemical and physiological processes, with critical implications for cardiovascular function. Vitamins act as coenzymes, antioxidants, and signaling molecules, directly influencing myocardial metabolism, endothelial integrity, and oxidative homeostasis. Disruptions in vitamin status can precipitate oxidative stress, impair myocardial bioenergetics, and compromise perfusion, leading to cardiovascular dysfunction. This review synthesizes current understanding of the roles of vitamins A, B-complex, C, D, E, and K in cardiac cellular metabolism, redox balance, and perfusion physiology. Emphasis is placed on mechanistic pathways, including coenzyme-mediated enzymatic reactions, free radical scavenging, and regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthesis. A comprehensive discussion links vitamin-dependent metabolic processes to clinical cardiovascular outcomes, highlighting the significance of micronutrient optimization in cardiac health.